M. M. Pant

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The energy scene in India, 1981, as envisaged by the National Paper India, presented at the United Nations Conference, Nairobi in August, 1981, has been discussed. Since most fossil fuels are exhaustible and their availability is already posing problems, the rising demands of energy will have to be met increasingly with the renewable resources, mainly wood and hydroelectricity. In view of the future energy and ecological needs, wood is by far the most ideal raw materia1 for energy, structural and industrial needs. We can grow it and multiply this resource in short cycles.

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M. M. Pant

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B. P. Srivastava , M. M. Pant

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Social Forestry is a new concept of forest creation, management, and Judiclous utilization of good and aervices generated therefrom. It aims at combining the idle land, labour and water resources to optimise production of form manure, firewood, fodder, food, small constructional timber, and to atabilise soil. It calls for a monolithic Integration of agriculture. forestry and animal husbandry Social forestry embodies the Gandhian philosophY or self sufficieney, economic grouth and community, development.The concept and potential of social forestry in India has been discused, in this paper. The main constituents of social forestry : farm, rural and urban forestry have been dealt with. The results of seventeen case studies showing their benefit Cost analysis, the employment generated, etc., have been Indicated. These case studies suggest that the total output from the land is a function of the initial investment on tree planting, irrigation and fertilization and that the prodactivity of the man-made forests can be increased by a closer spacing of plants and through irrigation and fertilization. This though entails a higher per unit area investment, is likely to yield higher return a Some pilot project. on social forestry which might have an impact on other States have also been discnussed.For adequate protection and conservation of trees resources mobilized through social forestry, the primary need of defining ownership of trees and sharing benefits have been emphasized. Some criteria for evaluating and allocating funds for social forestry programmes have also been proposed. For the success of social forestry programmes a change in the attitudes of the forester, villager, politician, decision maker and all other. involved is inevitable. Through integrated land u'e planning and extensive social forestry programmes alone, sustained flood control and environmental can be achieved economically.

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S. P. Sahi , M. M. Pant

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M. M. Pant

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Regardless of the alleged short cominge of the sustained yield concept the foresters should take comfort in one fact - "it works". The alternatives suggested are not practicable. The main attacks on the principle of sustained yield do not appear to be realistic in the Indian context. For example, admittedly, wood will be replaced for some of today's uses, but because it is renewable, it will be converted into many new products. The total future demand for wood it bound to increase considerably. The available supply of wood, therefore, needs rationing and present yield must be sacrified for future generation. The critics of sustained yield seldom, if ever, analyse the impact that a variable flow of forest products would have on social, economic and ecological factor. (community stability, self reliance, raw meterial security, rights and concessions, externalities, etc.) in the forest management practices. The economic princlples should be given due weight within the framework of the sutained yield model. Depending on the objects of management of the forest, the rotation should be determined using the available economic tools and keeping the constraints in view. Once the rotation is fixed, the area of the annual coupe should be governed by sustained yield. Our main "concern is for Forestry - and fOr economics only for it may serve Our profession.

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M. M. Pant , L. P. Chandola

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Irrigated Mulberry plantations, both for sericulture and Sports Goods Industries should be raised separately. Special funds need to be provided so that Mulberry plantations can be maintained like orchards. Planting of Mulberry trees can also be integrated with Social/Farm Forestry Schemes and Van Mahotsava. The plantations should be in the close proximity of the existing industrial belt. Centrally added Scheme for raising plantations for Sports Goods Industry- Mulberry in particular-needs to be prepared in consultation with Punjab and U.P. States and the concerned officials. Relaxations regarding the Inter-state movements of wood resources would help considerably in easing the present situation in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. The States need to be requested to maintain a continuous inventory of the existing growing stock for the sports goods and other industries. The factory owners should indicate their annual demand of various species of wood and the prices they can pay. Without this data base, it is impossible to get a realistic picture of the industry.

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M. M. Pant

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In computing GNP, ironically enough, the present system by and large evaluates dead forest resources and the dynamic aspects of forestry and its innumerable services are completely lost through inadequate understanding and unsatisfactory evaluation system. There are numerous statistical gap in the present compntation system. The quantity of forest products and their prices are being grossly underestimated. The sawn output is grossly under-reported because of the existence of a paraliel black market economy. The actual production of firewood alone is likely to exceed 3 to 4 times the reported figure. Some important forestry outputs such as food and fibre crops produced through agri-silvicultural practices, wild life capital growth and its its value, and others given in Appendix IIB, are presently Ignored. The value of the elemental services generated by the Forestry Sector are presently being ignored quantifiable services like grasing, lopping, fishing and hunting, etc., are not being objectively accounted for, to indicate contribution towards the GNP. Certain conceptual difficulties exist in quantifying various intangible services of the Forestry Sector. Till such time, therefore, as acceptable evaluation methods are worked out a complementry approach of evaluating the impalpable services directly from the cost of providing these may be adopted. The value added in the processing of wood and forestry products for tile manufacture of the final finished products is accruing entirely to the manufacturing sector. The forest service should claim its legitimate share (wages, salaries, profit, etc.) out of the value added in the production processes. This will necessitate some rethinking of the National Industrial Classification, 1970, and may need dialogues particularly with the Central Statistical Organisation. Some suggestions for filling up certain statistical gaps existing at present in the systems have been made. The need for amending the international standardised classification as a step for more pragmatic system for the preparation of the National Accounts has also been discussed.

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M. M. Pant

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M. M. Pant

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The benefit cost analysis is an useful tool in providing the correct investment criterion for evaluating projects. However, it is a possibly overemphasized criteria. There are countless positive externalities such as soil and water conservation, aesthetic values, etc., which are generated by the forest. These should also be accounted for any realistic evaluation. It may be necessary to lay out a set of "Central Guide Lines" regarding the procedure to be followed on the National Basis for the evaluation of costs and Benefits involved in forestry project. However, economic efficiency is to be less interest-ing if the object of forestation is to serve the regional scarcity and to achieve self sufficiency.

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